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Infiniterrain Visualization

OI: "Infiniterrain" is a placeholder name for an effect in the fantasy world of Nasvene. A section where the perimeter of an area is finite but its contents is infinite. I like to imagine it as a cylinder extending from the surface of a 2d plane; 2d creatures in the plane would see up the cylinder as if it is part of the plane, seeing reality wrap strangely and an apparent increase of space inside the 'circle' they see.

Unfortunately over the years of trying to imagine what this would look like so I can describe it, I kept running into strange quirks that I couldn't put my finger on. When asking other people for advice or opinions, everyone had a valid and reasonable perspective. All these ideas were well reasoned and completely understandable. And a lot of them disagreed with each other.

What do objects in the distance look like inside this thing?

What visual effects occur at the edge of the surface of the sphere(3d reality version of the aforementioned circle)?

Does the ground seem to bend down because the sky occupies more of the sphere? or does it bend up when you're at a higher elevation to view it?

On and on the questions grew.
MS: Just, a raycaster. A sphere in one space, a plane in another. Ray's that hit the sphere are "continued" from the plane based on the position and angle they hit the sphere. 

Problem, For years of trying this I kept hitting roadblocks and bugs that I couldn't figure out.

Eventually however, I was able to get in contact with someone who was as intrigued by the concept as I was! With all the information laid out and fully explained, he made this for me:

Quinchilion's Infiniterrain Visualization

Play with it yourself here:
https://www.shadertoy.com/view/MfX3Rr

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